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Periodic Table of Elements

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    Discovery and assignment
  • Atomic number
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    RuEnLat
  • Discovered by
  • Year of discovery
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    Flag
    Electronic characteristics
  • Electronic configuration
  • Atomic radiuspmra
  • Covalent radiuspmrcov
  • First ionization energykJ/mol
  • Second ionization energykJ/mol
  • Third ionization energykJ/mol
  • Electron affinitykJ/molEea
  • ElectronegativitykJ/mol𝜒
  • Oxidation stateOS
  • Term symbol
    Physical characteristics
  • Melting point
    CFK
  • Enthalpy of fusionkJ/molΔH(fus)
  • Boiling point
    CFK
  • Densityg/cm3𝜌
  • Specific HeatJ/(kg•K)C
  • Thermal conductivityW/(m•K)k
  • Electrical conductivityS/mσ
  • State of matter
  • Poisson ratio
  • Brinell HardnessMPa
  • Mohs Hardness
  • Vickers HardnessMPa
  • Bulk ModulusGPa
  • Shear ModulusGPa
  • Young ModulusGPa
  • Molar volumem3/mol
    Nuclear characteristics
  • Atomic weightuma
  • RadioactivityA
  • Half-lifet1/2
    Simple substances’ characteristics
  • Crystal structure
  • Price per kg
    $
    log
  • Lattice Constantspm
  • Space Group Name
  • Color
    Natural compounds
  • Abundance in Earth’s crust%
  • Abundance in the Sun%
  • Abundance in seawaterkg/L
  • Abundance in human body%
  • Abundance in Universe%
  • Occurrence in nature
    View
  • Groups
    4IVB
  • Periods
  • Legend
  • Mendeleev’s portrait
  • Table header
  • Metallic character
  • Cell borders
  • Background
  • Cell

1

H

Hydrogen

1312

72.8

53

31

H. Cavendish

1766

Great Britain

1s1

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2

He

Helium

2372.3

5250.5

31

28

P. Janssen, N. Lockyer

1868

UK, France

1s2

3

Li

Lithium

520.2

7298.1

11815

59.6

167

128

J. Arfwedson

1817

Sweden

[He] 2s1

4

Be

Beryllium

899.5

1757.1

14848.7

112

96

L. Vauquelin

1798

France

[He] 2s2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

5

B

Boron

800.6

2427.1

3659.7

26.7

87

85

J. L. Gay-Lussac

1807

France

[He] 2s2 2p1

6

C

Carbon

1086.5

2352.6

4620.5

153.9

67

76

Ancient Egypt

[He] 2s2 2p2

7

N

Nitrogen

1402.3

2856

4578.1

7

56

71

D.l Rutherford

1772

Great Britain

[He] 2s2 2p3

8

O

Oxygen

1313.9

3388.3

5300.5

141

48

66

J. Priestley

1774

Great Britain

[He] 2s2 2p4

9

F

Fluorine

1681

3374.2

6050.4

328

42

57

A. M. Ampere

1810

France

[He] 2s2 2p5

10

Ne

Neon

2080.7

3952.3

6122

38

58

M. Travers,
W. Ramsay

1898

UK

[He] 2s2 2p6

11

Na

Sodium

495.8

4562

6910.3

52.8

190

166

D. Humphry

1807

UK

[Ne] 3s1

12

Mg

Magnesium

737.7

1450.7

7732.7

145

141

J. Black

1808

UK

[Ne] 3s2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

13

Al

Aluminum

577.5

1816.7

2744.8

42.5

118

121

H. C. Orsted

1824

Denmark

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

14

Si

Silicon

786.5

1577.1

3231.6

133.6

111

111

J. J. Berzelius

1854

Sweden

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

15

P

Phosphorus

1011.8

1907

2914.1

71

98

107

H. Brand

1669

Germany

[Ne] 3s2 3p3

16

S

Sulfur

999.6

2252

3357

200

87

105

Ancient China

[Ne] 3s2 3p4

17

Cl

Chlorine

1251.2

2298

3822

349

79

102

C.l W. Scheele

1774

Sweden

[Ne] 3s2 3p5

18

Ar

Argon

1520.6

2665.8

3931

71

106

J. W. Strutt

1894

UK

[Ne] 3s2 3p6

19

K

Potassium

418.8

3052

4420

48.4

243

203

D. Humphry

1807

UK

[Ar] 4s1

20

Ca

Calcium

589.8

1145.4

4912.4

2.37

194

176

D. Humphry

1808

UK

[Ar] 4s2

 

21

Sc

Scandium

633.1

1235

2388.6

18.1

184

170

L. F. Nilson

1879

Sweden

[Ar] 4s2 3d1

22

Ti

Titanium

658.8

1309.8

2652.5

7.6

176

160

W. Gregor

1793

Great Britain

[Ar] 4s2 3d2

23

V

Vanadium

650.9

1414

2830

50.6

171

153

A. M. d. Rio

1803

Spain

[Ar] 4s2 3d3

24

Cr

Chromium

652.9

1590.6

2987

64.3

166

139

L. N. Vauquelin

1797

France

[Ar] 4s1 3d5

25

Mn

Manganese

717.3

1509

3248

161

139

J. G. Gahn

1774

Sweden

[Ar] 4s2 3d5

26

Fe

Iron

762.5

1561.9

2957

15.7

156

132

[Ar] 4s2 3d6

27

Co

Cobalt

760.4

1648

3232

63.7

152

126

G. Brandt

1735

Sweden

[Ar] 4s2 3d7

28

Ni

Nickel

737.1

1753

3395

112

149

124

A. F. Cronstedt

1751

Sweden

[Ar] 4s2 3d8

29

Cu

Copper

745.5

1957.9

3555

118.4

145

132

Middle East

[Ar] 4s1 3d10

30

Zn

Zinc

906.4

1733.3

3833

142

122

Indian metallurgists pre 1000 BC

[Ar] 4s2 3d10

31

Ga

Gallium

578.8

1979.3

2963

28.9

136

122

Lecoq de Boisbaudran

1875

France

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1

32

Ge

Germanium

762

1537.5

3302.1

119

125

120

C. Winkler

1886

Germany

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2

33

As

Arsenic

947

1798

2735

78

114

119

Bronze Age

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p3

34

Se

Selenium

941

2045

2973.7

195

103

120

J. J. Berzelius

1817

Sweden

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4

35

Br

Bromine

1139.9

2103

3470

324.6

94

120

C. J. Lowig

1825

France

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5

36

Kr

Krypton

1350.8

2350.4

3565

87

116

W. Ramsay

1898

UK

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p6

37

Rb

Rubidium

403

2633

3860

46.9

265

220

R. Bunsen,
G. Kirchhoff

1861

Germany

[Kr] 5s1

38

Sr

Strontium

549.5

1064.2

4138

5.03

219

195

W. Cruickshank, A. Crawford

1787

Great Britain

[Kr] 5s2

 

39

Y

Yttrium

600

1180

1980

29.6

212

190

J. Gadolin

1794

Finland

[Kr] 5s2 4d1

40

Zr

Zirconium

640.1

1270

2218

41.1

206

175

M. H. Klaproth

1789

Germany

[Kr] 5s2 4d2

41

Nb

Niobium

652.1

1380

2416

86.1

198

164

C. Hatchett

1801

Great Britain

[Kr] 5s1 4d4

42

Mo

Molybdenum

684.3

1560

2618

71.9

190

154

C. W. Scheele

1778

Sweden

[Kr] 5s1 4d5

43

Tc

Technetium

702

1470

2850

53

183

147

E. G. Segre,
C. Perrier

1937

USA

[Kr] 5s2 4d5

44

Ru

Ruthenium

710.2

1620

2747

101.3

178

146

K. E. Claus

1844

Russia

[Kr] 5s1 4d7

45

Rh

Rhodium

719.7

1740

2997

109.7

173

142

W. H. Wollaston

1803

UK

[Kr] 5s1 4d8

46

Pd

Palladium

804.4

1870

3177

53.7

169

139

W. H. Wollaston

1803

UK

[Kr] 4d10

47

Ag

Silver

731

2070

3361

125.6

165

145

[Kr] 5s1 4d10

48

Cd

Cadmium

867.8

1631.4

3616

161

144

F. Stromeyer

1817

Germany

[Kr] 5s2 4d10

49

In

Indium

558.3

1820.7

2704

28.9

156

142

F. Reich

1863

Germany

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p1

50

Sn

Tin

708.6

1411.8

2943

107.3

145

139

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2

51

Sb

Antimony

834

1594.9

2440

103.2

133

139

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3

52

Te

Tellurium

869.3

1790

2698

190.2

123

138

F. J. Muller

1782

A-Hungary

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4

53

I

Iodine

1008.4

1845.9

3180

295.2

115

139

B. Courtois,
T. Rikhter

1811

France

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5

54

Xe

Xenon

1170.4

2046.4

3099.4

108

140

W. Ramsay,
M. Travers

1898

UK

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p6

55

Cs

Cesium

375.7

2234.3

3400

45.5

298

244

R. Bunsen,
G. Kirchhoff

1774

Germany

[Xe] 6s1

56

Ba

Barium

502.9

965.2

3600

13.95

253

215

C. W. Scheele,
J. G. Gahn

1808

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2

57—71

La

Lanthanides

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

72

Hf

Hafnium

658.5

1440

2250

208

175

D. Koster,
Georg von Hevesy

1923

Denmark

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d2

73

Ta

Tantalum

761

1500

31

200

170

A. G. Ekeberg

1802

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d3

74

W

Tungsten

770

1700

78.6

193

162

C. W. Scheele

1783

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4

75

Re

Rhenium

760

1260

2510

14.5

188

151

V. К. Nodak,
I. Takke

1925

Germany

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5

76

Os

Osmium

840

1600

106.1

185

144

S. Tennant,
W. H. Wollaston

1803

UK

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d6

77

Ir

Iridium

880

1600

151

180

141

S. Tennant

1803

UK

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d7

78

Pt

Platinum

870

1791

205.3

177

136

W. H. Wollaston

1803

Spain

[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d9

79

Au

Gold

890.1

1980

222.8

174

136

Middle East

[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d10

80

Hg

Mercury

1007.1

1810

3300

171

132

G. Brandt

1735

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10

81

Tl

Thallium

589.4

1971

2878

19.2

156

145

William Crookes

1861

UK

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1

82

Pb

Lead

715.6

1450.5

3081.5

35.1

154

146

Middle East

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2

83

Bi

Bismuth

703

1610

2466

91.2

143

148

C. F. Geoffroy

1753

France

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3

84

Po

Polonium

812.1

183.3

135

140

P. Curie, M. Curie

1898

France

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4

85

At

Astatine

920

270.1

127

150

D. R. Corson

1940

USA

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5

86

Rn

Radon

1037

120

150

E. Rutherford, R. B. Owens

1899

UK, USA

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6

87

Fr

Francium

380

260

M. Perey

1939

France

[Rn] 7s1

88

Ra

Radium

509.3

979

221

P. Curie, M. Curie

1898

France

[Rn] 7s2

89—103

Ac

Actinides

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

104

Rf

Rutherfordium

JINR, LBNL

1969

USSR, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d2

105

Db

Dubnium

JINR, LBNL

1970

USSR, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d3

106

Sg

Seaborgium

LBNL, LLNL

1974

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d4

107

Bh

Bohrium

JINR, GSI

1976

Germany

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d5

108

Hs

Hassium

GSI

1984

Germany

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d6

109

Mt

Meitnerium

GSI

1982

Germany

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d7

110

Ds

Darmstadtium

GSI

1994

Germany

[Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d9

111

Rg

Roentgentium

GSI

1994

Germany

[Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d10

112

Cn

Copernicium

GSI

1996

Germany

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10

113

Nh

Nihonium

RIKEN

2003

Japan

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p1

114

Fl

Flerovium

JINR, LLNL

1999

Russia, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2

115

Mc

Moscovium

JINR, LLNL, ORNL

2003

Russia, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p3

116

Lv

Livermorium

JINR, LLNL

2000

Russia, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p4

117

Ts

Tennessine

JINR, LLNL, ORNL

2010

Russia, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5

118

Og

Oganesson

JINR, LLNL

2002

Russia, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6

57

La

Lanthanum

538.1

1067

1850.3

48

207

C. G. Mosander

1839

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 5d1

58

Ce

Cerium

534.4

1050

1949

50

204

M. H. Klaproth

1803

Germany

[Xe] 6s2 4f1 5d1

59

Pr

Praseodymium

527

1020

2086

50

247

203

C. Auer von Welsbach

1885

A-Hungary

[Xe] 6s2 4f3

60

Nd

Neodymium

533.1

1040

2130

50

206

201

C. Auer von Welsbach

1885

A-Hungary

[Xe] 6s2 4f4

61

Pm

Promethium

540

1050

2150

50

205

199

Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segre, Hans Bethe

1942

USA

[Xe] 6s2 4f5

62

Sm

Samarium

544.5

1070

2260

50

238

198

Lecoq de Boisbaudran

1879

France

[Xe] 6s2 4f6

63

Eu

Europium

547.1

1085

2404

50

231

198

E. A. Demarcay

1901

France

[Xe] 6s2 4f7

64

Gd

Gadolinium

593.4

1170

1990

50

233

196

J. C. Galissard de Marignac

1880

Switzerland

[Xe] 6s2 4f7 5d1

65

Tb

Terbium

565.8

1110

2114

50

225

194

C.l G. Mosander

1843

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 4f9

66

Dy

Dysprosium

573

1130

2200

50

228

192

Lecoq de Boisbaudran

1886

France

[Xe] 6s2 4f10

67

Ho

Holmium

581

1140

2204

50

226

192

J. L. Soret

1879

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 4f11

68

Er

Erbium

589.3

1150

2194

50

226

189

C. G. Mosander

1842

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 4f12

69

Tm

Thulium

596.7

1160

2285

50

222

190

P. T. Cleve

1879

Sweden

[Xe] 6s2 4f13

70

Yb

Ytterbium

603.4

1174.8

2417

50

222

187

J. C. Galissard de Marignac

1878

Switzerland

[Xe] 6s2 4f14

71

Lu

Lutetium

523.5

1340

2022.3

50

217

187

G. Urbain

1907

France

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1

89

Ac

Actinium

499

1170

215

F. O. Giesel

1902

France

[Rn] 7s2 6d1

90

Th

Thorium

587

1110

1930

206

J. J. Berzelius

1828

Sweden

[Rn] 7s2 6d2

91

Pa

Protactinium

568

200

L. Meitner

1917

A-Hungary

[Rn] 7s2 5f2 6d1

92

U

Uranium

597.6

1420

196

M. H. Klaproth

1789

Germany

[Rn] 7s2 5f3 6d1

93

Np

Neptunium

604.5

190

E. McMillan,
P. H. Abelson

1940

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f4 6d1

94

Pu

Plutonium

584.7

187

G. T. Seaborg

1940

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f6

95

Am

Americium

578

180

G. T. Seaborg

1944

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f7

96

Cm

Curium

581

169

G. T. Seaborg

1944

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f7 6d1

97

Bk

Berkelium

601

LBNL

1949

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f9

98

Cf

Californium

608

LBNL

1950

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f10

99

Es

Einsteinium

619

LBNL

1952

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f11

100

Fm

Fermium

627

LBNL

1952

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f12

101

Md

Mendelevium

635

LBNL

1955

USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f13

102

No

Nobelium

642

JINR

1963

USSR

[Rn] 7s2 5f14

103

Lr

Lawrencium

JINR, LBNL

1961

USSR, USA

[Rn] 7s2 5f14 7p1